1978_02 The Daily Collegian February 1978

              The.Oally Collegian
Stuttering*, "how" understood, "why" unknown
but It doesn't have to be.' The lutein,
gets embarraesed by the way the atut.
A
pproachlng a stranger to ask
the time Is not normally a stressful  situation  —unless  you  are
•ve, a CSUF senior and a member
le Council of Adult Stutterers on
ms,  did  Just  that  recently  as  an
/e went to Fashion Fair making
:t contact with slranfcers, going up
em and 'advertising':   'Pardon me.
ame Is Steve .  I'm a stutterer.
I  you tell me what time It Is?' "
ilverUslng" Is a therapy technique
ilch one admits as soon as possible
he stutters to avoid the burden
jnncy and avoid surprise from the
's   very   difficult   lo go  up to  a
under the direction of Dr. Donald M.
Wilson, CSUF professor of communicative disorders. Weekly meetings are
held   tlirouKhout the semester in which
s cllnii
imployed  with   participants,
erned  i
i   al  his   own,   flew  h
Stuttering   Is   defined   as   a   speech
disorder   marked   by  hesitation and an
spasmodic- repetition.
"Normal speech contains disfluencles
of   many   types,"   said   Dr.  Gerald  R.
t  happens   later
ime.     It  flares
on --somebody
M..st-
slty.
Thar* are mora than
half stutterers in the
a million and a
United Stares...
dls fluency."
million stutterers In the United States.
Moses, Demosthenes, Charles l.amb,
Charles Darwin, Charles 1 of England,
■ii 30 percent of the st
and throat specialist who f<
In high school he saw a p
"In   sessions   we   talked
stuttering hut   about  other
Steve   thinks  Ihe  cause
is both psychological and ei
—that    something   in    ear
"triggers  off something."    His family
has been supportive, something he.feels
Researcher Peggy Carter, writing In
"Speech pathology and Therapy," said
stammering, as stuttering Is also called.
"Is a symptom of a social neurosis,"
since it only occurs when others are
present. She believes a psychological
cause, If one Is accepted, may be
"oral fixation,", which explains the
choice of symptom.
John L. Boland, clinical psychologist
at Oklahoma Psychological and Education
Center, said most stutterers are perfectionists, and tend to be guilty, anxious,
Indecisive and Inhibited. They are, he
believes, engaged in a long-term Identity
crisis and would have similar personalities even without stuttering symptoms.
Others find no typical personality pattern. "Persons who stutter seem to
fall within the same range of physical
and emotional characteristics as persons
real  difference b
d ifoa
"The
 Dr. Donald M. Wilton
"Between two and three and a half
years, when children are first stringing
words together, is a crucial period,"
he said. "This may be upsetting If
pressures  are  put  on  to  say a lot of
"We  don't  know but  we  don't think  .
much   Is   physiological,"  said Wilson.
"It. might be mildly neurological.   But
how do you explain the fact that at times
they  (stutterers) don't have trouble at
"The best way to work with stutterers
is lo get them when they're young and
prevent them from getting worse."
"Therapy consists of a lot of practice
In talking," he said. "They've got to
he  aware of what's happening.    If It's
terer reacts."
Defenses to deal with Hare developed.
"You say, 1 didn't read the chapttr>
when asked to answer a question h
class," said Stev*.
Fear of specific words develops ..
words to be avoided. "If i want to
say 'pool' Instead of 'billiards' because
I can't say that 'b* word, I can sub.
stltute. You can do It almost unconsciously," he said.
"I got Into a pattern a year or t»o
ago. If the phone would ring earb
while I was still In bed, I wouldn't
answer It. My first words of the day
would come out stuttering, and I would
think I would have a bad day. Qn
the  phone you have to speak on cue."
Stuttering can range from mild to
severe, said Wilson. Some may hardly
stutter and feel "bad," he said.
"Speech Is our first Impression of
someone," he said. "As soon as you
open your mouth, you're listened to. You
can look all right. Then words don't
come out.   Stutterers are sensitive t,
They might, he said, hesitate to speak
and therefore hesitate to enter into otter
endeavors, like Jobs.
Stave, a business administration
major, worked nights for two and a half
years as an Internal auditor. He did
not "advertise" during the Initial Inter.
Therapy consists of a lot of practice in talcing-'
si and has to adapt."
Negative reactions to stuttering create
feelings of inadequacy and anxiety which
intensify the condition.
of children,     said Wilson,    Is u
Puberty,   though   a   stressful   p
a block, they have to know they're blocking. They have lo be aware of who
they're talking to. They have more
trouble with some people than others.
An adult doesn't have trouble talking
with a child or old person or an animal
or to himself," said Wilson, nor when
singing or speaking chorally with others.
"Blocking" Is the tensing of lips or
firm contact between any two parts
of the speech mechanism, and is one
kind of stuttering, he said. The tongue
may be humped In the back of the mouth
on 'k' or *g'; the tip of the tongue
Jammed against the gum ridge may
block air on f and 'd'; or the lips may be
Jammed together so no air can flow out
Speech requires air How.   Whenstop-
Other forms of stuttering are repetition, as In "b-b-b-boy" and prolonging
sounds, as In "sssssometime." In
therapy, a stutterer learns to monitor
his own stuttering.
Ordinary social Intercourse can be
demanding.
"A   stutterer, through his whole life
"He's asked to repeat himself. If he
says It right the first time, he doesn't
want to repeat himself because he might
nOt have that kind of success. He's
been thrown a curvt."
"penalty reaction"
i listener to which
the stutterer reacts with shame, guilt
and finally avoidance.
. "You can't look at It as socially
unacceptable," he said. "You have to
think of It positively: 'O.K., I'm going
to take some time being understood.
It may make my listener uncomfortable,
view, but now feels "it's a problei
can't, hide.     You've got lo open jottr
mouth  to do anything.    And I like to
talk."
Social situations,     he admits,   in
sometimes difficult.
"Parties   are   going   to   be ■ link
uncomfortable,"    he said,    "because
*> February 14, 1978
to   i
don't know you
"The Council has helped. Weexpresi
ourselves and share a good time, I've
learned a lot about stuttering. Everyone who needs It should take advantap
Wilson said the group size is small,
allowing each Individual to receive
special attention.
He said, "We believe that stutterers
attending the council for the first Hoe
will find this a friendly place where
they will receive excellent help with
their stuttering problem."
There are always more male than
female participants In the council, be
sail. Among stutterers generally, the
ratio of men to women Is four lo one.
"Males don't get over It," he said.
"Females get over It. Apparently It's
not so severe with most of them. I
believe  It's  an identification probjja,
1   the   female  '
the rr
.   Men hi
re articulation
problems generally.
tn dealing with at
Wilson, authorities don't use the wort
"cure," but "the older stutterer en
be taught to understand what processes
interfere with fluent speech and tospeu
without disruption caused by tension."
Anyone may participate In the Council
by calling 487- Z422. It is free to sit-
dents; others pay a $10 registration a*.
Africa   'threat to world peace', says Toure
by Diane Zastovnilc
Staff.reporter
The  situation in South Afrli
Is  the  greatest threat to wor
peace anywhere In the world U
day,   said  Cal
fessor Yeml Toure, speaking
the College Union Lounge Moi
minority and white:
iruggle In South
red by the world
vhites are In the
s companies o
United States.
He criticized the "homelands"
policy -which the South African
government has developed.   He
Pro"      and the v,
1 this  v
on of
people when they)have complete
control and don't care about world
opinion, said Toure.
people   of color ara to "take
their rightful plac? In the world,"
he said.        But the whites will
resist the changes.
Toure said a state of war exists
In South Africa. A September
1977 law requires that any manufacturer In South Africa' roust
produce war materials If the
government calls for them. This
it whites" to alUvlate world
pressure to give rights to blacks.
This policy would set aside
13 percent of the area of South
Africa as an Independent country
for the blacks. That way, he
said, only whites would remiln
citizens of South Africa.   Other
of having a minority government
that oppressed the  majority of
its citizens.-
"Blacks    have  rejected this
sham Independence," he said.
Toure said the Pan-African
Congress, African National Congress and Black C
Movement have
oUate with the wl
These groups have been recognized as the representatives of
the African people, he said.
"We may hava a tendency to
want peace," he said, "but we
aren't the representatives of the
African people and If they have
been trying to carry out peaceful means over the years and
If the only response had been
repression, then the only choice
"They're the ones who «r«
suffering. There's nothingM
for us lo do but support Be"
struggle." ,
On this Valentine Day of lo*
to you 1 owe mine.
Lotfflie
Now we're in print, Soulmatt!!!
Joyous Valentine's Day to you.
Remember we are loved, Sue.
Entertainment
Julia" reviewed
"Uniquely emoffonaf" film about Hellman
by Steve Martin
if you're the type of movie-goer who
would just like to grab a six-pack
and go to tbe drive-in to catch "Tbe
Gauntlet" and "Magnum Force onadou-
double bill, then avoid-seeing "Julia."
While "Julia" won't really tax your
intelligence, it will touch you on a uniquely emotional level.
"Julia" focuses on a very different
tryp of relationship for the movies,
the friendship and deep affection between two women who love each other
as best friends should. These women
don't need men to run their lives for
Horrors, what Is Hollywood coming
to? A movie about independent women?
One who flits about Europe fighting
fascism, and the other of whom Is
a budding playwright and lives with a
famous novelist? What are we to make
of it all?
'■'•'hat results Is a very engrossing
film. "Julia". Is flawed, and if it is
not the best picture of this talent-rich
year, It Is not because of the performances of tbe two stars.
Vanessa Redgrave (Julia), while not
on screen very long, makes ner pre
sence felt throughout tbe film. Playing
Lillian Hell man's lifelong friend, she
uses her beautifully penetrating eyes
to the utmost.
Redgrave brings an understated purpose to her role that makes us envy
Julia's knowledge of exactly how her life
is to be used. She attends Oxford,
studies medicine, goes to Vienna to study
with Freud, and ends up leading an
anti-Nazi faction which ultimately costs
her life.
- Jane Fonda (Lillian Hellman) improves
and grows as an artist with every role
she plays. And she does grow In "Julia". It's bard to imagine that this
is tbe same person who was making
"Barefoot ia the Park," "Cat Ballon,"
and "BarbareUa" a decade ago.
As the leftist playwright, Fonda turns
in a remarkably human performance (tbe
highest compliment I can think of for
an actress). She plays tbe constantly
outraged, sometimes Insecure, but always sympathltic writer with energy
and subliminal passion. Lillian's character is summed up by her greatest
.fear:  she's afraid of not being afraid.
Tbe screenplay, based on "Pentim-
ento" (a collection of Hellman bios),
is literate for the most part, although
there are some characters that appear
to have no purpose.
The main action (set in 1937) follows
Hellman as she is asked to smuggle
$50,000 Into Berlin to Julia. Julia's
group needs the money to free 500-
1,000 people trapped in Berlin.
At this point, tbe movie really takes
off. Instead of making Hellman into
a superhero who Jumps on the nearest
train to rescue the free world, we are
taken oh a long train ride, sometimes
funny and often scary. Fonda is human
enough to be frightened; in fact she
has to be practically lead by the hand
every step of the way by her unspoken
contacts.
Hellman finally meets. Julia In Berlin
to deliver the money. It is during this
final meeting between the two that the
movie crystallzes. In an all-too-brief
conversation, we see that Hellman, who '
was laughably absent-minded on the
train, has grown into a person who
has learned not to be afraid. And
Redgrave has become a woman at peace
with herself and her political commitments. To say the two are'friends
is an understatement. Each manages
to transcend friendship, and become
with
tneotner.
Director Fred Zlnneman ("A Man
for All Seasons") uses flashbacks frequently, and sometimes confusingly, to
trace the roots of the women's friendship back to their childhood days. It's
a nice device but a little heavy-handed
at times.
Tbe photography, however. Is universally excellent with ugly scenes of war-
torn Europe set against the soft-textured scenes of the countryside and the
two women themselves.
An Interesting, if not really functional, subplot Is Hellman's live-In affair
with DashieU Hammett (played withsar-
daonic wit by Jason Robards). It Is
through him that Hellman is spurred
on to write better material. But Hal
Holbrook Is totally wasted in a meaningless role.
"Julia" is not the kind of movie for
everyone. There are those who will
get bored and walk out. Tbey will
be In tbe small minority I nope, because whatever flaws It might have,
"Julia" is well worth seeing. And if
you've ever had a very close friend,
it's  a  movie  you won't soon forget.
I f
Tuesday - 14
2:00 to 5:00 p.m. - Fresno
Commission on Aging's regular
meeting, T. W. Patterson Bldg.,
Conference Room, second floor.
8:00 p.m.»- Wilde-StelnDemo-
cratic Club meeting, NOW House.
420 N. Van Ness Blvd. (Note:
The club meets on tbe second
Tuesday of each monthj
Wednesday - 15       ^b
6:30 p.m. - League of Women
Voters; Working Women's Caucus dinner meeting, The Big
Yellow House on Shaw Ave. ■ Call
439-2562 for more information.
8:00 to 10:00 p.m. - Women's
Fonim II: ''Changing Roles and
Changing Strategies", sponsored
by CSUF Women's Studies Dept,
Dr. Nlara Sudarkasa speaks on
"Where Women Work —The
African   Experience,"   College
8:30 p.m. - Don Luce, who recently spoke at CSUF,
Community calendar
Thursday - 16
9:15 a.m.- - League
Voters; Morning Unit meeting,
Nancy Marqoez speaks on bilingual education, St Paul's
Methodist Church, Tbesta and
Clinton.    Child care provided.
Saturday • 18
8:30 a.m. to 5:00p.m. - Women
and Aging; CSUF Saturday School
course, explores the myth and
reality of aging women, Lab
School 163.
—Listings from "Community," published by tbe Fresno
Free College Foundation. For
further information on the foundation, call 222-2619.
etCaerenfi A
-*       m^J^        FI». 9-1**14-1
^    233-6213  >^Z
Valerie,
like a clock In a _
Black coffee, right?
Happy Valentine's Day.
TOWORROrV 1
Dear Debbie, ,   .
"appy Valentine's Day and I
rave youx cheese grater.
-Mike
a free
conceit
Wednesday   feb15
noon   c.u. lounge	
I
WMSTtOCKET
Thurs.
101IAMS
wttfclACKIONE
lues.
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8:00 P.M.
$1.5o COVER
PITCHERS $1.40
TUES. & THURS.
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